Aplicação do esterco de galinha nas característricas do solo e produtividade do capim marandu com ou sem a escarificação

Abstract

With annual production of approximately 21.9 million tons and low cost in the Brazilian market, the chicken manure could be the supply base of organic matter, and macro and micro nutrients in pastures. The objective was to evaluate the productivity and mineral nutrients in Marandu grass with 10 years of grazing and the physical and chemical soil changes with application of chicken manure with and without use of soil chiseling. The experiment was carried out from 09/2012 to 09/2013 in the Iguatemi Experimental Farm at the Maringá State University (UEM), in dystrophic Red Latosol (Rhodic Ferralsol). The experimental area received application of 490 kg ha-1 of dolomitic limestone (V = 50%) and 270 kg ha-1 of gypsum. The design was a randomized block with four replications in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement of five doses of manure (0, 1.037, 2.074, 4.148, 6.222 Mg ha-1) with and without soil chiseling. An additional treatment with mineral fertilizer (NPK) based on the nutrients contained in 2.074 Mg ha-1 or (138 of Ntotal, 50 P2O5, 77 K2O) kg ha-1. The cut management was based on light interception of 95%, with a height of 0.15 m residue. In the production with 95% of light interception there was dose x management interaction with and without soil chiseling with linear models for cutting number, the total accumulated dry mass and dry mass of the accumulated residue. With effect in increasing doses of manure to dry matter accumulation, the production was 19.31 Mg ha-1 at a dose of 6.222 Mg ha-1. In the structural characteristics with IL of 95%, there was a dose x management interaction for accumulated leaf blade with increased production of 20.77% without soil chiseling with doses of 6.222 Mg ha-1. To the residue of 0.15 m, there was dose x management interaction without soil chiseling for residual leaf blade and residual dead material and dose effect for residual stem + sheath. Among the adopted management, production of leaf blade had linear fit with increased production of 6.19 Mg ha-1 among manure rates, demonstrating the strong dependence on manure application. In the average contrast medium between the control with each dose of chicken manure, the accumulated dry matter production had effect with smaller dose of manure applied. In evaluating the Marandu grass roots done in April 2013, there was dose x management interaction with and without soil chiseling in the layer of 0.2 - 0.4 m for root dry weight, surface area and length. On soil physical examination, the effect of handling soil with chiseling in the depth of 0.2 m, there was in the layer of 0.0 - 0.2 m, an increased macroporosity and in the layer of 0.2 - 0.4 m reduction in the density soil and increased macroporosity and total porosity. In the chemical analysis of the soil, there was no effect of dose with increasing pH and adjust to the quadratic and linear model in layers 0.0 - 0.1 and 0.1 - 0.2 m, respectively. In layer 0.0 - 0.1 m, with dose effect, calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn), had a linear fit. The layer from 0.0 - 0.1 m, the dose x management interaction without soil chiseling for potassium (K) the increase was of 0.21 cmolc dm-3 with 6.222 Mg ha-1 of chicken manure and in layers of 0.1 - 0.2 and from 0.2 - 0.4 m, there was a linear fit chiseling for P with increase of 8.10 and 3.95 mg dm-3. Was significant the comparison of mineral fertilization (NPK) with control and doses for pH, H + Al, Ca, Mg, P and Zn. In the evaluation of minerals in herbage mass of Marandu grass the dose x management interaction without soil chiseling, with quadratic fit, the maximum N concentration was 20.64 g kg-1 and in the dose x management interaction with soil chiseling, the maximum Zn concentration was 60.60 mg kg-1. Mineral extraction with effect of dose and linear adjust for Mg, K and P and dose x management interaction with soil chiseling for N. In contrast of mineral extraction from mineral fertilizer (NPK) with control and doses of chicken manure was significant Ca, Mg, K, N, P, Cu and Zn. The chicken manure can be considered an alternative to organic fertilization on Marandu grass recovery.