Câncer de mama : fatores de risco e funcionalidade de mulheres mastectomizadas

Abstract

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, with an estimated 1.67 million of new cases, and represents 25% of all cancers. The incidence varies from region to region, however, the highest rates are found in Western Europe (96/100,000) and the lowest rates in Central Africa and West Asia (27 / 100,000). In Brazil, it is expected 57.120 new cases of breast cancer with an estimated risk of 56.09 cases per 100,000 women in 2014 and 2015. There are several studies that try to associate the risk factors to the increased incidence of breast cancer but few studies have shown the association between hormone therapy and the development of breast cancer. In addition to the risk factors another meaningful character of breast cancer is treatment. Among the factors that permeate the mastectomy there is mammary reconstruction, which helps the body image and quality of life of women. The option for reconstruction is associated with both the type of surgery performed and the acceptance of women. Lack of knowledge about the reconstruction options makes difficult to these women to choose the technique. Some women, besides to breast reconstruction, have the option of external mammary prosthesis which can be used until they adapt to the new circumstances. Some authors report that patient must decide if she wants to make the reconstruction, although it is an important component of treatment. She must be informed of the possibility of delayed reconstruction, i.e., after the supporting treatments. Studies on the impact of the disease on quality of life of these women, body image and predisposing factors for breast cancer, requires knowledge of health professionals in order to discuss, find out the main risk factors such as age, age at menarche, obesity, use of hormone therapy, number of children, use of oral contraceptives, family history and physical activity. To increase knowledge about the influence of hormones, obesity and physical activity on the incidence of breast cancer as well as to address the use of external mammary prosthesis among mastectomized women justify this study. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the risk factors of menopausal period for breast cancer and the satisfaction related to the use of external breast prosthesis by a mastectomized woman. It is a case-control study with 600 women in an Oncology Hospital reference center of the State of Paraná, Brazil, and an exploratory cross-sectional study held with the population of mastectomized women who used external breast prosthesis, registered in the services of the Centro de Reabilitação Integral Dom Aquino Corrêa of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso during the period from 2009 to 2012. For health professionals, to know the risk factors associated with breast cancer among Brazilian women enables the creation of health policies, with a view to the risk factors found in the population studied, seeking for the reduction of morbidity and mortality for this important disease.