Do "Homo ex machina" a "Machina ex machina"?: A constituição do sujeito, a arte e a sociedade a partir de A Tragédia de Hamlet (1601) e Blade runner (1982) sob a perspectiva da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the relation the historical constitution of the subject to the art, parting from the investigation of the historical bases of both works: Hamlet Tragedy: Princess of Denmark by English play writer William Shakespeare (1564-1616), dated from 1601 and of the science fiction movie Blade Runner, directed by the Englishman Ridley Scott, released in 1982.It was questioned how the man is shown in these works, in both historical moments: in the beginning of the Modernism and the present time, through interpretative reading of the work of arts, considering as historical and social product. It is the result of bibliographic and analytic search, aiming to comprehend the art through the way of the historical materiality and the historic-cultural psychology categories. In the first chapter, it is shown a general overview about the scientific studies of Psychology which is led to the art. In the second chapter, it is investigated the Shakespeare's theater like one of the most emblematic of the modernism, being Hamlet Tragedy is a work which at the same time it revolutionized the tragedy genre in the theater, it deals with questions about the human being which mobilize our feelings nowadays. The third chapter, parting from the Marxism categories and the Historic-cultural Psychology , makes a try to analyze the Blade Runner movie which exposes the humanity tragedy when tells a story in which human machines - the replicant - search their humanity, showing the capital contradictions, which makes machines in human format to be used like slaves. In both works, it is questioned the form and content unit, and as the shown contradictions head the aesthetic. Parting from the Vigotski conception which understands the art like social technique of feeling production, it is analyzed how in two different works, and different historical periods the problem to be or not to be of humanity which is indelibly linked to the society fate and its production way. As the results, it is possible to highlight the explanation of the man comprehension need in its fullest, through investigation of the historical roots and in the materiality of its social constitution. It is also highlighted the scientific researches in the Psychology field which has as a theme the art a bit, they consider the man constituted himself like concrete subject in its historicity and contradiction; which this one when it is analyzed under this view it can reveal the unit among the individual and the society. It is concluded that the historic materialism, parting from the reading of the Karl Marx work (1818-1883) and Vigotski (1896-1934) it can supply an extreme understanding about art and man, this understanding besides being present; it must be widely explored in psychology researches and their interface with other sciences. The historic materiality permit the man's comprehension in its multiple relations, the chaotic pseudoconcreticity and imediaticity to the thought concrete, blocking the individualized and biological reductionism, giving rise new discussion not only about Psychology but also the Social Science in general.