Identidades e diversidade sob governamentalidade : o índio brasileiro em práticas discursivas televisivas contemporâneas

Abstract

The contemporary age is contemplated by discourses about diversity, especially after the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2002). This event is apparent in Brazil, mainly due to the fact that the brazilian cultural formatting derives from the ethnic diversity, composed by various forms of cultural manifestations. The discourses that promote diversity in a social, cultural, linguistic and ethnic perspective have the particularity to consider the different people related to the building of the brazilian nation through the celebration of belonging, community and national identity. That discourses aim to look at contradictory condition: call together the different people to a nonexistent equality in history and the constitutive memory of the brazilian people. Such discourses often to propagate the promotion of intercultural and interethnic relations, such as those established between indigenous and non-indigenous people. The advent's effects of the globalization process afford conditions of possibility for technological advances in human interactions, including media communication, specially the television. This media enabled visibility to discourses about the ways of to be, to think and to live diverse and contradictory from different people that are brazilian people. It has been recognized as an inscription discursive surface which propagation of discourses whose status of truths reach considerable number of subjects, especially through the television news. In this circumstances, the media discursive practices, to promote diversity, put in scene the inclusion and exclusion, due to discourses from television media promote a discursive game where the working of the categories of knowledge, power and truth establishing regularities in the ways of identity representation and distinctive cultural manifestation, specially about indigenous people.Thus, this practices confined to television news may to promote the inclusion of the indigenous subject into non-indigenous society, but they also may exclude them, for as much the techniques of governmentality - biopower and biopolitics - curtailed by discursive invisibilities whose production of effects of meaning of transparency in interethnic relations, and likewise, to promote regime of truth about the indigenous people. Therefore, supported by theoretical principles erected by Michel Foucault, from developments of the AD in Brazil and from Cultural Studies, the present research aimed to understand how the television media provides behaviors to gaze and tell about Brazilian indigenous and his field of knowledge, considering the discursive possibilities constitutes him ethnic and cultural identities, as well as establish conditions of possibilities for in the process of inclusion, exclusion acts as a contradiction. Thus, we have recourse of a corpus composed by news articles and news reports propagated by brazilian television in regard to the discoursivization about the brazilian indigenous, in the period 2009-2011. The research demonstrates that the television media discursive practices that speaks about brazilian indigenous promotes him different identities, which characterization of his condition in the early days in a relationship present-past, about history and memory; (b) semi-homogenized identity: in which this subject is portrayed in a space for moving whose resistance is not such intense and there is assimilation of other identities; (c) urbanized identity: in which the indigenous subject is symbolized as assimilating and assuming other identities without resistance, and (d) resistant identity: in which this subject is represented as seeking to maintain and safeguard their uniqueness and cultural identity that underlie and determine him.